透明红外硫系薄膜非均匀性检测及影响因素

薄膜非均匀性的无损检测对于制备大面积高质量的红外透明薄膜尤为重要。针对红外薄膜光学均匀性难以获取的困难,提出了一种同时获得单层透明红外薄膜厚度和折射率均匀性的无损检测方法。实验上,通过磁控溅射法在二氧化硅衬底上制备了厚度约1.4μm红外透明Ge-Sb-Se硫系薄膜,然后在该薄膜上标定出36个80μm×80μm区域,利用显微傅里叶红外光谱仪测得该36个区域的透射谱,通过分段滤波的方法滤除背景噪声,运用改进的Swanepoel方法计算得到了薄膜每一个区域的厚度和折射率,进而精确获得该薄膜的厚度和折射率均匀性,结果表明精度优于0.5%。     

TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS study of the pyrolysis mechanism and composition of volatiles from flash pyrolysis of PVC

To facilitate the reuse and recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to achieve sustainable development and new industrialization, the composition and mechanism of formation of volatiles during the flash pyrolysis of PVC were studied by thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) analyses indicated two main degradation stages during flash pyrolysis of PVC, namely dehydrochlorination of PVC and decomposition of dechlorinated-PVC. Simultaneously, the FTIR results revealed that the main functional groups in the pyrolysis process were H–Cl, -C-Cl, C–H, CH, and aromatic groups. The relative content of main volatiles was determined by Py-GC/MS, and decreased in the following order: aromatics > alkenes > hydrogen chloride (HCl) > chlorinated hydrocarbons. Specifically, the relative content of aromatics was as high as 76.790–81.809%, while that of HCl was in the range of 3.016–3.096%. The carbon number distribution and the relative content of main products obtained from the flash pyrolysis of PVC at different final temperatures were also analysed. According to the experimental results, the mechanism of formation of the main volatiles based on free-radical reactions was deduced in detail. Therefore, this study provides further details for deepening the understanding of the PVC pyrolysis process.     

高能量离子束诊断质谱仪的研制及性能表征

本研究开发了一台应用于高能量离子束诊断的直线式飞行时间质谱仪，实现了其与高能真空弧放电离子源的联用。该仪器加速电压30 kV，飞行腔有效飞行距离1.5 m，通过短脉冲离子门精确截取，ICCD高速相机优化聚焦，仪器分辨率优于90 FWHM，对放电过程中产生的等离子体可实现不同时间的离子成分分析。将该方法用于真空弧放电离子源放电过程中离子成分的检测，放电2 μs时，电离成分以气态离子C⁺、O⁺、C²⁺、O²⁺为主；放电6 μs后，除气体成分外，还可以检测到Fe⁺、Cu⁺及其同位素金属离子峰。该仪器能够给出离子源放电产生离子的种类、价态以及相对含量等信息，可实现整个放电过程产生离子成分信息的准确诊断。     

煤红外快速热解过程中床层对二次反应的影响

针对煤快速热解研究中样品添加量少(mg级)、焦油收集难等问题，本研究利用压片法制备微薄厚度(mm级)的煤层，并采用红外加热装置考察大添加量(g级)、微薄煤层的快速热解特性。对比堆积煤样和不同煤压片厚度(1.5~3 mm)与个数(1~2)的压片煤样热解特性发现，压片煤层热解过程的二次反应受到明显抑制，焦油产率急剧增加，在1000℃时达9.96%，为格金分析的1.5倍，实现油气产量的同步增长。模拟蒸馏分析发现，堆积状态下焦油以沥青质为主，而微薄煤层制焦油含大量轻油、酚油、萘油、洗油和蒽油。GC-MS和FTIR分析表明，随煤层厚度和个数的减少，焦油组分和含量提高，芳香烃类和含氧官能团吸收增加，进一步验证煤快速热解过程中煤层厚度对焦油产率和品质的影响，揭示在二次反应充分抑制下煤高温热解的初级反应特性。     

The effect of maturity and tissue on the ability of mid infrared spectroscopy to predict the geographical origin of banana (Musa Cavendish)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sample presentation (tissue type) and maturity (ripe and unripe) on the classification of banana (Musa Cavendish) samples sourced from two different geographical regions and analysed using mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. The coefficient of determination (R²) and the standard error of cross-validation (SECV) obtained using partial least squares discriminant analysis were 0.83 (0.33), 0.75 (0.25) and 0.94 (0.19) for the prediction of maturity, geographical origin and tissue type, respectively. No effect of either of type of tissue (e.g. pulp or peel) or maturity was observed. The results of this study demonstrated that MIR spectroscopy might be used to classify the origin of the banana samples at different degrees of ripeness. However, one of the limitations of this study is on the number of samples analysed and further validation must be recommended using samples from other sources, regions and harvest seasons.     

熔融制样-能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪分析硅酸盐中32 种组分

为充分发挥小型实验室设备的功能,实验采用熔融制样,使用台式能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(10W, Rh靶)定量分析了硅酸盐样品中的Na₂O、MgO、Al₂O₃、SiO₂、P₂O₅、SO₃、Cl、K₂O、CaO、TiO₂、V、Cr、MnO、Fe₂O₃、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、As、Ba、La、Ce、Th、U、Hf、Pb等32种主、次、痕量组分。对3种不同的解谱方法进行比较,确定Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、As、Ce、Cr、Cu、Ga、La、Nb、Ni、Pb、Th、U、V、Y选择感兴趣区解谱,其余元素用高斯或经改进的高斯函数的最小二乘法拟合解谱。选用有代表性的多个硅酸盐类样品,比较了理论检出限及10次重复测定计算3倍标准偏差得出的检出限,发现以3倍标准偏差作为检出限再取它们的平均值则更具代表性和使用意义。各组分的检出限为0.2~1740μg/g。精密度试验表明,各组分测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.12%~10.5%(Na为轻元素,由于含量低,小能谱测定的精密度稍差);对两个土壤标准样品进行正确度验证,测定值与标准值一致。     

面源红外诱饵对抗红外制导导弹干扰策略研究

面源红外诱饵使用的过程中,合理有效的干扰策略是干扰红外制导导弹的关键,针对这一问题,通过理论分析与仿真模拟相结合得到面源红外诱饵对抗红外制导导弹的干扰策略。首先以红外成像制导导弹为例,介绍红外制导导弹的仿真模型,然后将攻击过程分为锁定前与锁定后,以命中率为评价指标,得到两个阶段下的最佳干扰策略,包括诱饵的最佳释放时机、释放间隔以及载机应采取的机动动作等。     

Stress distribution in thick-walled cylinder due to non-uniform radial pressure on the example of reinforcement corrosion in concrete

This paper presents an analytical solution to the non-uniform pressure on thick-walled cylinder. The formulation is based on the linear elasticity theory (plain strain) and stress function method. As an example, the proposed solution is used to model the stress distribution due to non-uniform steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete. The model is formulated considering different scenarios of corrosion pressure distribution. It is validated against the finite element model for different cases of non-uniform pressure distributions. The results show that the corrosion-induced cracks are likely to start just beyond the anodic zone. This is confirmed by the experimental tests on concrete cylinder exposed to non-uniform accelerated corrosion of steel reinforcement. The model can be effectively used to calculate the distribution of corrosion-induced stresses in concrete.     

Diffuse reflectance behavior of the printed cotton/nylon blend fabrics treated with zirconium and cerium dioxide and citric acid in near- and short-wave IR radiation spectral ranges

Near- and short-wave IR emission spectra of printed cotton/nylon blend fabrics coated with inorganic compounds in order to tune their diffuse reflectance behavior to the ones with woodland and desert backgrounds are investigated. In this regard, cotton/nylon blend fabrics printed with a four-color digital pattern were used as the substrate, and different concentrations of zirconium and cerium dioxide (ZrO₂ and CeO₂) with and without citric acid as a cross-linker were loaded on these fabrics using the pad-dry-cure method. The diffuse reflectance of the coated fabrics with various concentrations of nanoparticles and a cross-linker was first measured by near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Then, fabrics with an optimum concentration of nanoparticles and appropriate reflectivity profiles similar to woodland and desert were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), washing, and rubbing fastness properties. In general, NIR and short-wave infrared (SWIR) reflectance of fabrics coated with ZrO₂ and CeO₂ nanoparticles in range of 1% to 1.5% (w/v [%]) was suitable for matching with different environments. According to the findings obtained from the durability test, it was concluded that the washing fastness of the treated fabrics with CeO₂ nanoparticles was excellent in both environments. FE-SEM images of the treated fabrics containing ZrO₂ and CeO₂ indicated that the presence of nanoparticles on the surface of fabrics in woodland patterns was greater than the desert ones. However, the coated fabrics with CeO₂ and citric acid in the woodland pattern have shown better dispersion with a mean particle size of 30 to 60 nm.